An essay is a piece of writing which is often written from an author's personal point of view. Essays can consist of a number of elements, including: literary criticism, political manifestos, learned arguments, observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections of the author. wikipedia.org

Financial analysis (also referred to as financial statement analysis or accounting analysis) refers to an assessment of the viability, stability and profitability of a business, sub-business or project. wikipedia.org

A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge including substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. wikipedia.org

A research paper is an academic work that is usually published in an academic journal. It contains original research results or reviews existing results. wikipedia.org

Article spinning is a search engine optimization technique by which blog or website owners post a unique version of relevant content on their sites. It works by rewriting existing articles, or parts of articles, and replacing elements to provide a slightly different perspective on the topic. wikipedia.org

Writing in these forms or styles is usually written in an impersonal and dispassionate tone, targeted for a critical and informed audience, based on closely investigated knowledge, and intended to reinforce or challenge concepts or arguments. wikipedia.org

A report is a textual work (usually of writing, speech, television, or film) made with the specific intention of relaying information or recounting certain events in a widely presentable form. wikipedia.org

Marketing research is the process or set of processes that links the producers, customers, and end users to the marketer through information. wikipedia.org

"A business plan is a formal statement of a set of business goals, the reasons why they are believed attainable, and the plan for reaching those goals. It may also contain background information about the organization or team attempting to reach those goals." wikipedia.org

"Equity Research is a division within either a buy-side or sell-side firm which is responsible for the research used by the firm and its clients. Despite the name, Equity Research can also include commodities, bonds are more along with equities. The purpose of an equity researcher is to provide insight and detailed analysis into a company, entity or sector and this information is then used by investors to decide how to allocate their funds."

Financial modeling is the task of building an abstract representation (a model) of a financial decision making situation.