Structured Query Language (SQL) is a programming language designed for managing data in relational database management systems (RDBMS). wikipedia.org

R is a programming language and software environment for statistical computing and graphics. The R language is widely used among statisticians for developing statistical software, and R is widely used for statistical software development and data analysis. wikipedia.org

Microsoft Excel is a proprietary commercial spreadsheet application written and distributed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. wikipedia.org

ggplot2 is a data visualization package for the statistical programming, created as an implementation of Leland Wilkinson's Grammar of Graphics--a general scheme for data visualization which breaks up graph into semantic components such as scales and layers. wikipedia.org

SAS (originally Statistical Analysis System) is an integrated system of software products provided by SAS Institute Inc. that enables programmers to perform retrieval, management, and mining, report writing and graphics, statistical analysis, business planning, forecasting, and decision support... wikipedia.org

A primary goal of data visualization is to communicate information clearly and efficiently to users via the information graphics selected, such as tables and charts. Effective visualization helps users in analyzing and reasoning about data and evidence. wikipedia.org

Data is information in a form suitable for use with a computer. Data is often distinguished from programs. A program is a sequence of instructions that detail a task for the computer to perform. wikipedia.org

Data mining is the process of discovering new patterns from large data sets involving methods at the intersection of artificial intelligence, machine learning, statistics and database systems. wikipedia.org

Analysis of data is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of highlighting useful information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision making. wikipedia.org

PostgreSQL, often simply "Postgres", is an object-relational database management system (ORDBMS) with an emphasis on extensibility and standards-compliance.