Machine learning, a branch of artificial intelligence, is a scientific discipline concerned with the design and development of algorithms that allow computers to evolve behaviors based on empirical data, such as from sensor data or databases.

Structured Query Language (SQL) is a programming language designed for managing data in relational database management systems (RDBMS). wikipedia.org

Data is information in a form suitable for use with a computer. Data is often distinguished from programs. A program is a sequence of instructions that detail a task for the computer to perform. wikipedia.org

R is a programming language and software environment for statistical computing and graphics. The R language is widely used among statisticians for developing statistical software, and R is widely used for statistical software development and data analysis. wikipedia.org

Statistics is the study of the collection, organization, analysis, and interpretation of data. It deals with all aspects of this, including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments. wikipedia.org

Analysis of data is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data with the goal of highlighting useful information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision making. wikipedia.org

Data management comprises all the disciplines related to managing data as a valuable resource.

ggplot2 is a data visualization package for the statistical programming, created as an implementation of Leland Wilkinson's Grammar of Graphics--a general scheme for data visualization which breaks up graph into semantic components such as scales and layers. wikipedia.org